In-situ FTIR Accessory for Batteries

Figure 1: In-situ Electrochemical FTIR Accessory for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Electrochemical in-situ FTIR spectroscopic analysis is an important branch of infrared spectroscopy. It enables qualitative analysis of the time- (potential-) dependent evolution of products and intermediates on electrode surfaces during electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., CO₂ electroreduction) and the charge/discharge processes of various batteries (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, lithium‑sulfur batteries). It serves as one of the key approaches for investigating electrochemical reaction mechanisms and electrochemical reaction kinetics.

Construction Principle:

(1) Two-electrode setup, customized for battery research.

 (2) The electrochemical reaction cell is well-sealed, enabling the introduction of reaction gases. 

(3) Diamond ATR crystal with broad compatibility.

           Fig. 2: Schematic Diagram of Basic Principle

Accessory Components

(1) Adapter base plate for FTIR spectrometer mainframe, compatible with mainstream FTIR spectrometers. 

(2) Optical path system. 

(3) PEEK-made gas-tight electrochemical cell.

 (4) O-ring sealing parts.

Key Features

(1) Optimized optical system with high optical throughput. 

(2) The electrochemical cell has reliable sealing performance and allows introduction of reaction gases.

(3) Diamond crystal delivers high optical throughput. 

(4) Unique adjustment technology for signal acquisition of electrodes and electrolyte. 

(5) Supports triple coupling of electrochemistry, FTIR and mass spectrometry. 

(6) The diamond crystal plate and electrochemical cell are easy to disassemble. Batteries can be conveniently assembled inside a glove box. 

(7) On-site technical service is available.

Main Technical Specifications

1. Spectral range: 250 / 525 – 4000 cm⁻¹

2. Crystal type: Diamond crystal

3. Electrochemical cell: PEEK construction, two-electrode configuration, gas-tight cell body. The battery can be easily assembled and disassembled inside a glove box. Inlet and outlet ports are equipped to acquire FTIR spectra during charge and discharge of various batteries.

4. Temperature-controlled electrochemical cell, temperature range: RT–100 ℃, temperature control accuracy: 0.1 ℃.

5. Adjustment system for the gap between electrode and diamond crystal, with graduated fine-tuning for excellent reproducibility, to monitor the solvation of electrolyte or the evolution of species on the electrode surface.

6. The electrochemical cell supports triple coupling of electrochemistry, mass spectrometry and FTIR, offering multi-hyphenated characterization solutions.

7. Number of reflections: Single reflection

8. Reflection mode: External reflection

9. The reflective optical system is compatible with mainstream FTIR spectrometers. An adapter base plate is supplied. The optical assembly can be conveniently placed into or taken out from the sample compartment of the spectrometer.

Application Cases

lithium-ion battery  Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 8, 3405–3413

lithium-ion battery  ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 1022−1031

zinc‑ion battery  Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 2003890

lithium-ion battery  Joule 2022, 6, 399–417

List of Published Papers by Customers ：

1. Jianping Xiao*, Bin Zhang*, et al. Unveiling hydrocerussite as an electrochemically stable active phase for efficient carbon dioxide electroreduction to formate. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3415

2. Lei Yan, Yonggang Wang*, et al. Chemically Self-Charging Aqueous Zinc-Organic Battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 15369-15377 

3. Bingliang Wang, Yongyao Xia*, et al. In situ structural evolution of the multi-site alloy electrocatalyst to manipulate the intermediate for enhanced water oxidation reaction. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 2200-2208

4. Yang Peng*, et al. Breaking Linear Scaling Relationship by Compositional and Structural Crafting of Ternary Cu-Au/Ag Nanoframes for Electrocatalytic Ethylene Production. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 2508-2518 

5. Zhuo Yu, Yonggang Wang*, et al. Boosting Polysulfide Redox Kinetics by Graphene-Supported Ni Nanoparticles with Carbon Coating. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000907

6. Xinwei Ding, Zhi Yang*, et al. Biomimetic Molecule Catalysts to Promote the Conversion of Polysulfides for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003354 

7. Hong Guo*, Xueliang Sun*, et al. Dual Active Site of the Azo and Carbonyl-Modified Covalent Organic Framework for High-Performance Li Storage. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 1022-1031

8. Bin Zhang* et al. Superficial Hydroxyl and Amino Groups Synergistically Active Polymeric Carbon Nitride for CO₂ Electroreduction. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 10983-10989 

9. Suya Zhou, Zhi Yang*, et al. Dual-Regulation Strategy to Improve Anchoring and Conversion of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries ACS Nano. 2020, 14, 7538–7551

10. Yongyao Xia*, et al. Low-Temperature Charge/Discharge of Rechargeable Battery Realized by Intercalation Pseudocapacitive Behavior. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2000196

11. Lei Wang*, Yonggang Wang, et al. Pencil-drawing on nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon paper: An effective and stable host to pre-store Li for high-performance lithium–air batteries. Energy Storage Materials. 2020, 26, 593-603

12. Bin Zhang, et al. Unveiling in situ evolved In/In2O3− x heterostructure as the active phase of In2O3 toward efficient electroreduction of CO₂ to formate. Science Bulletin. 2020, 65, 1547-1554

13. Huani Li, Shubiao Xia*, Hong Guo*, et al. Red Phosphorus Confined in Hierarchical Hollow Surface-Modified Co9S8 for Enhanced Sodium Storage. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2020, 4, 2208-2219 

14. Guanglei Cui*, Liquan Chen, et al. Non-flammable nitrile deep eutectic electrolyte enables high voltage lithium metal batteries. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 3405-3413 

15. Guanglei Cui*, et al. Investigation on the Cathodic Interfacial Stability of Nitrile Electrolyte and its performance with High Voltage LiCoO₂ Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 4998-5001 

16. Zhongbin Zhuang*, et al. A highly-active, stable and low-cost platinum-free anode catalyst based on RuNi for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5651 

17. Tiancun Liu, Yong Wang*, et al. Organic supramolecular protective layer with rearranged and defensive Li deposition for stable and dendrite-free lithium metal anode. Energy Storage Materials. 2020, 32, 261–271

18. X. Yin, Y. Wang*, et al. Designing cobalt-based coordination polymers for high-performance sodium and lithium storage: from controllable synthesis to mechanism detection. Materials Today Energy. 2020, 17, 100478

19. Song Chen, Jintao Zhang*, et al. Regulation of Lamellar Structure of Vanadium Oxide via Polyaniline Intercalation for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003890 

20. Yanrong Xue, Zhongbin Zhuang*, et al. Sulfate-Functionalized RuFeOx as Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst in Acid. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2101405

21. Hong Guo*, et al. Cooperative catalytic interface accelerates redox kinetics of sulfur species for high-performance Li-S batteries. Energy Storage Materials. 2021, 40, 139-149

22. Bin Zhang*, et al. Promoting nitric oxide electroreduction to ammonia over electron-rich Cu modulated by Ru doping. SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry. 2021, 64, 1493–1497

23. Yang Peng*, et al. Geometric Modulation of Local CO Flux in Ag@Cu₂O Nanoreactors for Steering the CO₂RR pathway toward High-Efficacy Methane Production. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2101741

24. Yonggang Wang*, et al. Molecular Tailoring of n/p-type Phenothiazine Organic Scaffold for Zinc Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 20826-20832 

25. Hongliang Jiang*, Chunzhong Li*, et al. Dynamically Formed Surfactant Assembly at the Electrified Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Boosting CO₂ Electroreduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 6613–6622

26. Yang Peng*, et al. Au-activated N motifs in non-coherent cupric porphyrin metal organic frameworks for promoting and stabilizing ethylene production. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 63 

27. Jie Zeng*, et al. Copper-catalysed exclusive CO₂ to pure formic acid conversion via single-atom alloying. Nature Nanotechnology. 2021, 16, 1386-1393 

28. Min-Rui Gao*, et al. Identification of Cu(100)/Cu(111) Interfaces as Superior Active Sites for CO Dimerization During CO₂ Electroreduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 1, 259-269 

29. Chen Feng, Shiming Zhou*, Jie Zeng*, et al. Tuning the Electronic and Steric Interaction at the Atomic Interface for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144,21,9271-9279 

30. Rui Lin, Jianhui Wang, et al. Asymmetric donor-acceptor moleculeregulated core-shell-solvation electrolyte for high-voltage aqueous batteries. Joule 2022, 6, 399–417 

31. Xiaogang Zhang*, et al. Successive Cationic and Anionic (De)-Intercalation/Incorporation into an Ion-Doped Radical Conducting Polymer. Batteries & Supercaps 2019, 2, 979-984

32. Zhongju Wang, Yongzhu Fu*, et al. Biredox‐Ionic Anthraquinone‐Coupled Ethylviologen Composite Enables Reversible Multielectron Redox Chemistry for Li‐Organic Batteries. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2103632 

33. Jintao Zhang*, et al. Defect evolution of hierarchical SnO₂ aggregatesfor boosting CO₂ electrocatalytic reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 14741-14751

34. Fei Ai, Yijun Lu*, et al. Heteropoly acid negolytes for high-power-density aqueous redox flow batteries at low temperatures. Nature Energy 2022, 7, 417–426 

35. Zhejun Li, Yijun Lu*. Polysulfide-based redox flow batteries with long life and low levelized cost enabled by charge-reinforced ion-selective membranes. Nature Energy 2021, 6, 517–528

36. Shanshan Lu, Wei Zhou. et al. Phenanthrenequinone-like moiety functionalized carbon for electrocatalytic acidic oxygen evolution. Chem. 2022, 8, 1415-1426.  

37. Tieliang Li, Yifu Yu, Bin Zhang*, et al. Sulfate-Enabled Nitrate Synthesis from Nitrogen Electrooxidation on Rhodium Electrocatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, e202204541 

38. Yanbo Li, Bin Zhang, Yifu Yu*, et al. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Low-Concentration Nitric Oxide into Ammonia over Ru Nanosheets. ACS Energy Letters 2022, 7, 1187-1194 

39. Yanmei Huang, Yifu Yu, Bin Zhang*, et al. Direct Electrosynthesis of Urea from Carbon Dioxide and Nitric Oxide. ACS Energy Letters 2022, 7, 284-291

40. Wenfu Xie, Hao Li, Min Wei*, et al. NiSn Atomic Pair on Integrated Electrode for Synergistic Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 7382–7388

41. Rui Sui, Jiajing Pei, Zhongbin Zhuang*, et al. Engineering Ag−Nx Single-Atom Sites on Porous Concave N-Doped Carbon for Boosting CO₂ Electroreduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 17736-17744 

42. Tiliang Li, Yuting Wang, Yifu Yu*, Bin Zhang*, et al. Ru-Doped Pd Nanoparticles for Nitrogen Electrooxidation to Nitrate. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 14032-14037

43. Bin Zhang*, et al. Promoting selective electroreduction of nitrates to ammonia over electron-deficient Co modulated by rectifying Schottky contacts. Science China Chemistry 2020, 63, 1469-1476

44. Jiangwei Shi, Bin Zhang*, et al. Promoting nitric oxide electroreduction to ammonia over electron-rich Cu modulated by Ru doping. Science China Chemistry 2021, 64, 1493-1497 

45. Jintao Zhang* et al. Atomic Bridging Structure of Nickel-Nitrogen-Carbon for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO₂. Angew. Chem.Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202113918

46. Lang Xu* et al. Gadolinium Changes the Local Electron Densities of Nickel 3d Orbitals for Efficient Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction. Angew. Chem.Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202201166

47. Bin Zhang* et al. Phenanthrenequinone-like moiety functionalized carbon for electrocatalytic acidic oxygen evolution. Chem. 2022, 8, 1415-1426

48. Sheng Dai*, Minghui Zhua*, Yifan Han* et al. Probing the role of surface hydroxyls for Bi, Sn and In catalysts during CO₂ Reduction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2021, 298,

49. Nan Wang, Yonggang Wang*, et al. Zinc-organic Battery with a Wide Operation-temperature Window from -70 to 150 oC. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020,59,14577-14583

50. Nannan Meng, Yifu Yu, Bin Zhang*, et al. Efficient Electrosynthesis of Syngas with Tunable CO/H₂ Ratios over ZnxCd1-xS-Amine Inorganic-Organic Hybrids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18908–18912